English in India
Nama :
Dede Nurillaila
NIM :
1110026000029
Kelas :
5B
Prodi :
General Linguistic 2
Introduction
Languages
change over time. Words evolve, jumbled, disjointed into 'debris' smaller. Words
and phrases emerging. These changes seem to be happening more quickly than ever
before, while the general English language is rich in a mixture of different
languages.
Living in a multi-cultural city has
an influence on the language, especially the youth, that his friends often come
from mixed backgrounds. Young people often feel challenged in their use of
language - for their bad attitude, street language and written language.
However, the younger group is seen taking the lead in building a new language
while they seep into slang in English. 'Ignite' is often heard far beyond the Hindu
culture.
"This mix
of Hindi and English is now the hippest slang on the
streets and college campuses in India. It has been used for some time, to
describe a hybrid language that many Indians use naturally. It is pronounced so
common that your correspondent, like many others who grew up in a town in
India, sometimes not realizing that he had used the word in English when
speaking in Hindi. With a large number of loan words in English, even the
non-Hindi-speakers often can tell what someone is talking about.
But not everyone is happy with the
emergence of Hinglish in India’s daily life, viewing it as a threat to Indian
culture. Hinglish has become popular despite threatening their regional
languages. Local languages as diverse disappear as the next generation did
not appreciate them next.
History of English in India
The British first arrived in India in early
1600 and soon established trading posts in several cities under the control of
the East India Company. In 1765 the Company has been growing influence in such
a way that the British effectively controls most of the country. This date is
often taken as the beginning of what is referred to as The Raj - during the
British rule in India that lasted until independence in 1947.
Initially English
was only taught to the local population through the work of Christian
missionaries — there were no official attempts to force the language on the
masses. But by the 1700s, English had firmly established itself as the language
of administration and many educated Indians were demanding instruction in
English as a means of social advancement. By 1857 universities had opened in
Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. English was increasingly accepted as the language
of government, of the social elite, and of the national press.
After
Independence, India became a nation state, and it was intended that English
would gradually be phased out as the language of administration. But there was
no simple solution as to which language should replace it. At first Hindi, the
most widely spoken languages, seemed the obvious choice, but following violent
protests in 1963 in the state of Tamil Nadu against the imposition of Hindi as
a national language, opinion has remained divided. In a country with over 900
million people and more than a thousand languages, it is difficult to choose a
single national language, as mother tongue speakers of that language would
automatically enjoy greater social status and have easier access to positions
of power and influence. So, although English is not an indigenous language, it
remains as an 'Associate Language' in India, alongside Hindi, the 'Official
Language of the Union of India' and eighteen 'National Languages', such as
Bengali, Gujarati and Urdu, that have a special status in certain individual
states.
Despite continued
pressure from nationalists, English remains at the heart of Indian society. It
is widely used in the media, in Higher Education and government and therefore
remains a common means of communication, both among the ruling classes, and between
speakers of mutually unintelligible languages. According to recent surveys,
approximately 4% of the Indian population use English. That figure might seem
insignificant, but out of the total population this represents 35 million
speakers — the largest English-speaking community outside the USA and the UK.
In addition there are speakers of English in other parts of South Asia, such as
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, where English plays a similar role. English
is virtually a mother tongue for many educated South Asians, but for the vast
majority it remains a second language. This means there are speakers whose
spoken English is heavily influenced by speech patterns of their ethnic
language, alongside those whose speech reveals nothing of their racial background
and some who are ranged somewhere in between.
Description of Hinglish
Hinglish is a combination of
the words Hindi + English, which is a new form of incorporation Hindi language
(the official language of India) with the English language in speaking or when
writing a message.
Hinglish is a hybrid between the Hindi and the
English language. This language is popularly used by the people of India since
colonial times, scattered throughout the country, used by the middle to the
upper class of the top of government.
Over the past 200 years, the English language
in India has undergone a transformation and is used widely in the private
schools and the business sector. India with a population of 1.2 billion people
do not have a national language which led to a mixture of English and Hindi or
Hinglish increasingly used.
Nowadays many parents
are sending their children to school with the use of English as the primary
language. However, students who have graduated the majority of the language
will not be understood in London or in New York because it is the combination
of English and Hindi. A number of the states, Hinglish language arises due to
lack of English language teachers are skilled and also in the absence of a
national language. The hybrid child of Hindi and English,
the language is now becoming India's most important language - to the extent
that British diplomats posted to the country have now been told they will need
to learn the language. After half a century of independence, the English
language is still used as the main language in college, the national media, the
field of the judiciary, and business. However, at the national government
level, the language used as the official language Hindi.
India claims to be the country with
the second largest English-language users in the world. This estimate is based
on about 10 percent of the population uses English or about 125 million people,
the highest number in the United States. This number is expected to increase fourfold
in the next ten years. However, without a national language, the use of
Hinglish language is expanded and spread to the rest of India via the internet,
the television, and other media.
English in India has its own unique
identity. With such a large population of people speaking the language, it can
really affect the way English is spoken in the future. India has a strange
relationship with the English language, especially with the political and
social interference. Someone who speaks English very well respected, because it
is a special language. At the same time, he despised, such as English and
completely unrelated to the roots. This goes back to the spread of English to
strengthen British colonialism. The Indians who first studied it is seen as
part of the oppressor class, which at the same time should be respected because
they are representative of the ruler. Over time attitudes to English has
changed, today is very much in the mainstream of Indian life.
Every day a large number of children
enrolled in secondary school, with English as the main medium of instruction.
The same amount of young adults who sign up for expensive classes spoken
English. Prestigious institutions like the National Defence Academy in Pune
(NDA) add language lab to ensure the UK cadet reaches an acceptable level. With
the advent of new technology and globalization, the number of English speakers
has steadily increased. Today, India has the second largest number of English
speakers in the world, with more than 150 million people speak English in the
country. Indian English is a dialect of its own, singing songs in the pattern,
different in some ways the spoken word, with a habit of using too many
adjectives and nouns the change is not likely to be a verb. Hindi, and other
Indian languages have contributed extensively to it, many vernacular words
used in everyday language. One suspects that will be very difficult for most
Indians speak pure English, without adding in at least a few words of Hindi or
vernacular language, which became one of the most common.
Many Indians are learning English as a
second language will learn most of their courses at the school in their native
mother tongue and have English as a subject. Of course, they learn to think in their
native language and then translate their thoughts into English when they speak.
Many children actually start learning
English very young and as a medium of instruction, right through the school, it
became the language they know best, and they really can walk English, laugh
English, and think in English. Todays with exposure to Hollywood movies, music
and many news channels and of course the internet, in India English language
global in character and voice. So not only is it written correctly, it is
spoken with ease. Among colleagues street slang and metaphors are freely used,
and informal occasions, the language will be completely true. Modern English in
India is essentially British English, however Americanism is also used because
of the increased business in the United States. Hinglish, Tamlish, Benglish and
various English language the creeping in. This has been a really adds to the beauty
of the language. An important reason for the success of the British in India
and around the world is that it is ever growing and absorbing sounds, words and
even the structure of the language from everywhere.
Professor David Crystal, Professor of
English studies English, the world's leading linguists and a member of the
Board of the British Council, said that British India had a greater degree of
politeness and effusiveness than English spoken anywhere in the world. With a
growing population of young go-getting Indian English speakers, the language is
changing. Professor David Crystal significantly says, India the UK, I think,
will soon become one of the most spoken English in the world. It has been seen
that Asians find it easier to understand English than Indian English or
American English. The more teachers of English spoken in these countries India.
British India seems to be like a link between two different cultures. Perhaps
in the very near future will be spoken Standard English the Indian way, with,
British American and Indian accent definitive.
Hinglish Project
‘The Hinglish Project’, an initiative
by Incredible India, is a typography project that shows the homologous nature of
Hindi and English. The name of the campaign itself shows the fusion of the two
languages. It mixes the characters of English to the corresponding phonetic
characters of the Hindi language. This way, a tourist can easily decipher the
phonetic sound of a particular Hindi script alphabet, an alphabet that seemed
gibberish before. By piecing these alphabets together, he can make sense of the
complicated alien language. The logic behind ‘The Hinglish Project’, they have
an M.A. in Linguistics to explain the concept just to show you that it’s right,
is that Hindi and English are derived from the Indo-European circle of
languages so they have the same phonetics.
"Hinglish", has already been
used for some time, to describe the hybrid language that many Indians use
naturally. It is spoken so commonly that your correspondent, like many others
who grew up in a city in India, sometimes doesn’t realize that he has used an
English word while speaking in Hindi. With the large number of English
loanwords, even non-Hindi-speakers can often figure out what someone is talking
about. To make their country a little more familiar for people around the
world, they present ‘The Hinglish Project’. Through this unique font design,
people can tell the phonetic sound of a Hindi character by looking at the
corresponding Roman letter superimposed on it. Hindi is written in the
Devanagiri script, which has many more characters than the English alphabet. This
font, then, cannot teach people how to read the words as they are spelt in
Hindi, but its aim is to demystify individual letters in its script and make
India more approachable. Despite the superficial distinctiveness of English and
Hindi, the two borrow from the same phonetic pool – the Indo-European group of
languages, the largest linguistic group in the world. This typeface design
playfully highlights these commonalities. To quote a now-popular phrase, “We’re
same same, but different!”
It cannot be used to construct a
meaningful word if begin knowing only English. Nor can it be used to decode
most Hindi words. As the official explanation acknowledges, Hindi has many more
than 26 letters. Some of them are conjunct consonants (ka and sha make क्ष = ksh) that cannot be superimposed on any English letter. The
written script also uses "matra", "bindu" and
"chandrabindu", the Hindi equivalent of diacritic marks, to modify
the way the letters are used. So even if a user could memorize which Hindi
squiggles correspond to the proper Roman-letter squiggles, he will still be
unable to sound most words out phonetically. It's a little like giving a
motorist lost in Delhi a map of the city's footpaths, and even at that, not all
of them. It's better than nothing, but not by much.
Hindi-Hybrid Font-Fusion
Conclusion
‘Hinglish’ is English with a Hindi
take. It’s ‘Estuary English’ for the common man of India. It’s also the argot
of the middle-class and the so-called fashionable set. There are two variants of
Hinglish, either you reshape the English syntax with Hindi words or simply the
other way round. Doing this you get unique phrases like: I'm going to have my
khaana, yaar, which basically means I’m going to have food buddy. Or imagine
yourself buying some delicious Indian snacks from one of the numerous food
stalls along the streets: you might be asked: Pack karna? -do you want your
food packed- easy, right? This way of mixing Hindi and English is common
especially amongst young people. For some it might be only a habit, for others
it is an opportunity to express themselves best possible by using English words
like computer, cinema, phone etc. For these kind of words Hindi equivalents do
exist, but they are hardly used by the nativespeakers.
Hinglish does not only mean to mix the languages, there are also several new neologisms, some very useful and some just really amusing. A frequently used expression in the English language is for example "to postpone something". Indians have more options, they cannot only postpone, they can even "prepone". There really is an abundance of such examples. Also the advertising industry makes heavy use of Hinglish. English will always be the language of opportunity, but Hinglish is the language of friendship.
Hinglish does not only mean to mix the languages, there are also several new neologisms, some very useful and some just really amusing. A frequently used expression in the English language is for example "to postpone something". Indians have more options, they cannot only postpone, they can even "prepone". There really is an abundance of such examples. Also the advertising industry makes heavy use of Hinglish. English will always be the language of opportunity, but Hinglish is the language of friendship.
References
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